Titlebook: Regulation of Cancer Immune Checkpoints; Molecular and Cellul Jie Xu Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

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Folded or Degraded in Endoplasmic Reticulum,lum (ER) to acquire their native functional structures before they function at their destinations. There are various ER-resident chaperones and enzymes synergistically regulate and catalyze the glycosylation, folding and transporting of proteins. The whole processing is under the surveillance of ER

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Lysosome as the Black Hole for Checkpoint Molecules,ocesses. In normal physiological conditions, lysosomes can sense the nutritional state and be responsible for recycling raw materials to provide nutrients, affecting cell signaling pathways and regulating cell proliferation. Lysosomes are related to many diseases and associated with metastasis and d

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Palmitoylation as a Signal for Delivery,e lipid modification. Our recent work demonstrated that palmitoylation reduces the lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 trafficking and may present a new therapeutic target. To facilitate future investigations on palmitoylation and immune checkpoints, here we summarize the molecular roles of palmitoylatio

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Checkpoints Under Traffic Control: From and to Organelles,heckpoints include programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed death-ligand 1 or 2 (PD-L1 or PD-L2), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and so on. While the immune checkpoint molecules have gained soaring attention in recent years, the trafficking of them has been rarely stu