Titlebook: Open and Distance Education in Asia, Africa and the Middle East; National Perspective Olaf Zawacki-Richter,Adnan Qayyum Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2019 T

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,India—Commentary,ities, dual mode universities offering DE programs, National Institute of Open Schooling along with State Open Schools catering for school education, and private institutions etc. The changing wave of nature of DE has resulted in its management too. The Distance Education Council (DEC) was establish

Ferritin

Russia,on causes a distinction between the Russian and international standards of distance education. In Russia, so called “distance learning” is not a term for a special mode of study at the university. It is the complex of new information and communication technologies (i.e. e-learning, blended learning,

Transfusion

,Russia—Commentary,nness in the Russian distance education. The Russian and Soviet experience prior to distance education and involved transforming part-time studies and correspondence education. The aim was to improve adults’ literacy, their overall education levels and to prepare people for different occupations as

Coeval