Titlebook: Electrifying Atmospheres: Charging, Ionisation and Lightning in the Solar System and Beyond; Karen L. Aplin Book 2013 Springer Science+Bus

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Negotiate

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Peter Bilson Obour,Kwadwo OwusuUranus and Neptune are both thought to have lightning and active chemistry triggered by cosmic ray ionisation. Neptune is expected to have direct condensation of supersaturated vapour onto ions, just like a “Wilson” cloud chamber. There is some evidence that Neptune’s albedo is linked to the flux of galactic cosmic rays entering its atmosphere.

嚴(yán)厲批評

Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityTriton and Pluto both receive such low solar radiation that electrical forces are likely to be important in their atmospheres. The surprising discovery of Triton’s clouds by Voyager 2 was retrospectively explained by the condensation of supersaturated nitrogen vapour onto ions, and similar processes may act at Pluto.

llibretto

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Living reference work 20200th editionIn this chapter the planetary atmospheric electrical systems are summarised and priorities for future work are considered.

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Fair-Weather Atmospheric Electrification on Earth,The electrical processes acting in Earth’s atmosphere away from thunderstorms are described. The concept of a global electrical circuit is introduced, and the general conditions for a global circuit defined.

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Venus,Venus’s cloudy, thick, atmosphere is predicted to contain complicated distributions of charged aerosol particles, driven by cosmic ray ionisation. There are some inconsistencies between the predictions based on ion-aerosol physics, and the efficient charging required to generate lightning.

Gyrate

Mars,The Martian environment is electrostatically active, but lightning has not yet been detected. Mars is expected to have a global electric circuit, similar to its terrestrial analogue but with dust storms as the charge generator. Tests of these predictions are hindered by a lack of in situ electrical observations.