Titlebook: Cromwellian Foreign Policy; Timothy Venning Book 1995 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1995 Cromwell.England

苦笑

,Cromwell’s Approach to the ‘Two Crowns’, 1651–4,aided by the coincidence that Protestants and republicans were numbered among the rebels. Spain, France’s great European rival, was also seeking to assist the rebels in order to recover the strength which she had lost as a result of French successes in the early 1640s, both in Flanders and the Iberi

COLIC

,The Verge of a Breach with France: July 1654–March 1655,ous to England (e.g. allowing Cromwell to retain Condé’s agents in London) and end the English policy of playing off one ‘Crown’ against the other. Hence Cromwell took a calculated risk that despite French resentment Mazarin needed his goodwill too much to give in to pressure to make peace with Spai

Inordinate

The Western Design,his Spanish policy, though they do provide evidence of his latent prejudices. These undoubtedly influenced the Protector’s policy in the Caribbean, not least the decision to undertake the expedition with so few and so inadequately trained troops in the first place. The scant preparations show his ov

物種起源

并排上下

追逐

,Cromwell and the Baltic, 1656–8,nce with Spain and negate English naval strategy. Charles X was still occupied in Poland at the time of the treaty, and in June 1656 the Dutch and Danish offer of aid to Jan Casimir raised the danger of his becoming embroiled with them. Cromwell could only watch as the Dutch fleet relieved the Swedi

Limousine

AMITY

Cromwell, the City and Trade: Venice and the Turks,ltimately rested. After the recent crises Cromwell sought a return to peace, conciliation and order in civil affairs, and even his foreign policy (which provided a use for his restless armed forces) was curtailed throughout his rule by the restraints imposed by finance.

Militia

潛移默化

Conclusion,owed that their loyalty had been to the man rather than to the institution which he and his civilian advisers had built up around him. The Protectorate collapsed in eight months, though admittedly Richard Cromwell’s deposition was the work of a small group of Cromwell’s senior officers (led by Fleet