Titlebook: Copper and Bacteria; Evolution, Homeostas Marc Solioz Book 2018 The Author(s) 2018 Bacteria.Copper Homeostasis.Contact Killing.Gene Regulat

OTTER

Phenomenological Preliminaries,cteria like . . has undergone some changes recently and new concepts have emerged. Also, the elusive CopZ-like copper chaperone has finally been discovered?in .. While the extrusion of excess copper via the CopA copper ATPase and the CusCFBA transporter and the regulation of these systems appear fai

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94439-5Bacteria; Copper Homeostasis; Contact Killing; Gene Regulation by Copper; Evolution of Copper Homeostasi

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,Copper—A Modern Bioelement,before the advent of oxygen evolution. In the anoxic world, copper in the biosphere was in its reduced, Cu. state, which formed insoluble copper sulfide, promoted by the abundance of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere. Once the world became oxic, Cu. was oxidized to Cu., which is readily soluble in

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Copper Toxicity, keep intracellular copper at safe levels. However, under conditions of excess environmental copper, homeostatic system become overloaded and intracellular copper rises to toxic levels. Possible toxic effects of copper span a range of mechanisms and it cannot be known with certainty which mechanism

CLAY

Copper Homeostasis in Gram-Positive Bacteria,ne (founding member CopZ), and a copper-responsive regulator (founding member CopY) which regulates the expression of these functions. GSH works as a back-up protective system. These four components are also part of the more complex copper homeostatic mechanism of Gram-negative organisms, discussed

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Copper Homeostasis in Gram-Negative Bacteria,cteria like . . has undergone some changes recently and new concepts have emerged. Also, the elusive CopZ-like copper chaperone has finally been discovered?in .. While the extrusion of excess copper via the CopA copper ATPase and the CusCFBA transporter and the regulation of these systems appear fai

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Molecular Biology of Penile Cancer,onducting high quality powered research in this area. Nevertheless, steady progress has been made in describing both the depth and breadth of molecular aberrations and drivers of this disease. The majority of studies have used a candidate gene approach focusing on the main oncogenic pathways that ex

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