Titlebook: Vertebrate Photoreceptors; Functional Molecular Takahisa Furukawa,James B. Hurley,Satoru Kawamura Book 2014 Springer Japan 2014 Light adapt

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Molecular Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Synaptic Transmission, are encoded at the synaptic terminal and transmitted to second-order bipolar and horizontal cells. In this chapter, we survey the unique structural, molecular, and functional features of photoreceptor synapses that enable them to encode and transmit light responses. We begin by describing the anato

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Structure and Development of the Photoreceptor Ribbon Synapse,e called ribbon synapses that contains electro-dense horseshoe-like ribbons. Photoreceptor ribbon synapses have connections with dendritic terminals of bipolar cells and tips of horizontal cell processes, and therefore are critical for visual transduction. In both humans and genetically modified mic

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Cell Fate Determination of Photoreceptor Cells,retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that produce not only photoreceptor cells, but other retinal cell types as well, even in a terminal division (Holt et al., Neuron 1(1):15–26, 1988; Turner and Cepko, Nature 328 (6126):131–136, 1987; Turner et al., Neuron 4(6):833–845, 1990; Wetts and Fraser, Science 2

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Cell Polarity in Differentiation and Patterning of Photoreceptors,, while its basal end forms synaptic connections. This highly polarized morphology is essential for photoreceptor function: the apical terminus of the cell collects information, while the basally located synaptic apparatus transmits it to the nervous system. Formation of photoreceptor polarity requi

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Molecular Mechanisms of the Function of Pineal Organs,s the photopigments and the phototransduction pathways in the pineal organs of chicken, teleosts, and lamprey and those in the pineal-related organ, the parietal eye, of lizard. Chicken pinealocytes contain a rhodopsin-like molecules, pinopsin, which activates a G protein, transducin, in a light-dep

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Molecular Mechanism of Adaptation in Vertebrate Rods,present understanding of the molecular mechanisms of adaptation in vertebrate rods to both background light and bleaching, including the role of Ca. as a second messenger and modulation of guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase. We also describe continuing areas of uncertainty awaiting resolution from future experimentation.

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