Titlebook: Understanding Body Shapes of Animals; Shapes as mechanical Holger Preuschoft Book 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 mammalian body s

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egrates mechanics into biology, anatomy and paleontology.Pre.This book discusses how and why animals evolved into particular shapes. The book identifies the physical laws which decide over the evolutionary (selective) value of body shape and morphological characters. Comparing the mechanical necessi

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Introduction: General Considerations, Working Hypotheses, Questions, and Starting Points, in the early eighteenth century, was based alone on (morphological) similarity. From the very beginning, not so much the general external shape or size (like in H. Melville’s ., where whales are subdivided in quarto, octavo, duodecimo, etc. volumes/formates) was taken into consideration but the sim

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Head: What Is Making First Contact with Environment? Teeth and Jaws,er is often elongate and gradually passes over into the tail (Fig. .). Characteristic for the great majority of vertebrates, the “.”, is the head as the most anterior part of the body. It is the place of sensory organs, olfaction, vision, electrical sense (as far as present) and hearing (as far as p

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Axial Skeleton in Aquatic Animals, its not compressible, constant length. This element may be a notochord/., or a ., the name-giving skeletal organ of the group (Fig. 3.1b). This is regardless of the position of the head (by which “craniota” are separated from “acrania”: the adult urochordates, ., and cyclostomids). In the majority

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Birds,style, behaviour and size (living species from 0.010?kg to 150?kg; subfossil in Madagascar and New Zealand still larger – see Table 6.1), birds are rather similar in body structure (Romer-Frick 1966; Bock 1974; Oemichen 1950a, b, c): a compact trunk, long neck (often hidden in the plumage), small he

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Land-Living Mammals,o limbs, fossorial digging, swimming, diving, flying, etc. The size of land-living mammals varies between 0.01?kg or 0.007?kg (shrews of genera . and .) and 5000?kg (=?5?tons; African elephant, .). Water-living mammals (cetaceans, ., blue whale) are with nearly or above 100?tons the largest animals

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Evolution of Hominids,rehensile characteristics in the foot and instead an integrated big toe and bipedal locomotion: the .. Together with the mentioned traits, most members of this group show less obvious characteristics: vertically orientated, chisel-shaped front teeth (including the canines), the development of a long