Titlebook: Uncertainty in Pharmacology; Epistemology, Method Adam LaCaze,Barbara Osimani Book 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Drug Developmen

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Tracheotomy

Causal Insights from Failure: Post-marketing Risk Assessment of Drugs as a Way to Uncover Causal Mec to understand the causal mechanism underlying a certain outcome. Here, we base our argument on a particular philosophical framework, causal dispositionalism, which urges that causes should be understood as complex, intrinsic, tendential and context-sensitive. Applied to pharmacology, dispositionali

喊叫

Extrapolating from Model Organisms in Pharmacologyategies of extrapolation: enumerative induction, comparative process tracing, phylogenetic reasoning, and robustness reasoning. We argue that evidence of mechanisms plays a crucial role in several strategies for extrapolation and in the underlying logic of extrapolation: the more directly a strategy

玷污

Mechanistic vs Statistical Extrapolation in Preclinical Research in Psychiatry: Challenging the Rece pathological states in organisms, thanks to a step by step comparison of causal pathways. . takes the form: . cause C brings out effect E in animal through causal pathway M, . M is similar in animals and humans, . therefore C will likely bring out E in humans. As the example of psychiatric research

Glucose

Analogy-Based Inference Patterns in Pharmacological Researchwork for the purpose of formally exploring different analogy-based inference patterns with respect to their justification in pharmacological risk assessment. By relating formal explications of similarity, analogy, and analog simulation, three sources of confirmatory support for a causal hypothesis a

陰郁

In Silico Clinical Trials: A Possible Response to Complexity in Pharmacologyreatment is administered make pharmacological research extremely difficult. Due to the inability to completely predict how a product will affect individual patients, it’s not unusual for a drug to show serious problems during clinical tests after having performed well in pre-clinical and laboratory

Nausea

Inscrutable

“Caught in the Amber”: A Sketch of Chemical Underdeterminationmature, on the other, the shift of the object range by introducing new substances can change the dispositional description of the phenomena one is aiming at. Mainstream philosophers of science sometimes discuss the former as what could be called “epistemological” underdetermination, whereas the latt

Paraplegia

Immunization

Learning by Difference: Placebo Effects and Specific Efficacy in Pharmacological RCTs trial arms. We label this the “assumption of specific efficacy”. There are a number of situations in which the assumption of specific efficacy does not hold. We describe the epistemic consequences that arise in these situations and discuss strategies for preserving the internal validity of randomiz