Titlebook: Ultracold Quantum Fields; Henk T.C. Stoof,Koos B. Gubbels,Dennis B.M. Dicker Book 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Bose-Eins

Juvenile

Second Quantizationoing from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. It amounts to replacing the classical dynamical variables and their Poisson brackets by quantum mechanical operators and their commutators. Considering a system of particles in an external electromagnetic field, the above procedure leads to the ori

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頭盔

Interactions and Feynman Diagrams, we calculated the partition sum for the ideal quantum gas in three different ways. The last method involved the noninteracting Green‘s function, which was seen to form the bridge between the more familiar operator formalism and the newly obtained functional-integral formalism. In this chapter we e

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Landau Theory of Phase Transitionsally controllable variable. Familiar examples in everyday life are the transitions from gases to liquids or from liquids to solids, due to for example a change in the temperature or the pressure. Another example is the transition from a disordered to a magnetized state in a ferromagnetic material as

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敲竹杠

Vulnerary

Condensation of Fermionic Pairsperfluid state. To this end, we use the functional formalism to elegantly incorporate the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer order parameter into our theory by means of the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation. The traditional approach used by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer, which is based on a variational w

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Symmetries and Symmetry Breakingal symmetry group .(1)×. .(2)= .(3). Apart from the esthetic beauty of having a symmetric description of physical phenomena, the presence of a symmetry in the problem also often leads to useful practical simplifications. For example, the energy-level structure of a Hamiltonian, and in particular the

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Renormalization Group Theorya very powerful technique for studying strongly-interacting problems, but also gives a beautiful conceptual framework for understanding many-body physics in general. The latter comes about because in practice we are often interested in determining the physics of a many-body system at the macroscopic

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