Titlebook: Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements; Thomas Foken Book 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 atmospheric measurements.in-situ

故意

Condyle

Nmda-Receptor

In-situ Precipitation Measurementspheric precipitation. They can be classified into catching and non-catching precipitation gauges. Instruments belonging to the first family are generally based on gravity-related measuring principles (weighing, tipping buckets, floating devices), while the second group includes instruments based on

MAOIS

Visibility Sensorsbility of the atmosphere, a variety of techniques have been used in the past. More recently, optical technologies that utilize transmittance and scattered light measurements have dominated the commercially available instruments, and these are presented in the following. Of special interest are the e

Antecedent

華而不實

報復(fù)

Gas Analysers and Laser Techniquesifetimes and concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere (the analytes) vary widely. This chapter describes in-situ methods where the analyte of interest is quantified either directly via the absorption or emission of radiation by the analyte or indirectly following chemical conversion or photod

狗舍

Measurement of Stable Isotopes in Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Water Vaporo water vapor (H.O), has grown tremendously in the last decade. This is due to the development of new highly sensitive infrared spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, or laser-based systems like quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy and cavity ring-down spe

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