Titlebook: Seasonal Knowledge and the Almanac Tradition in the Arab Gulf; Daniel Martin Varisco Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Autho

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Almanacslmanacs. The Gulf almanacs of the Qa?arī al-An?ārī; Emirati al-Mājid and āl ‘Uway?a; Bahraini al-?āshimī; Najdi al-Shammarī and Ibn Khamīs; Saudi Abū ?an?; Omani Ibn ?āshim; and Kuwaiti al-Marzūq are summarized in charts.

Longitude

The Canopus (,) Calendarr more days were linked to seasons of the weather and conditions at sea. Sailors from all areas of the Arab Gulf used this calendar, which has links to the navigational . calendar documented in the Yemeni Rasulid sources and the work of the Gulf pilot Ibn Mājid. Local seasons on land were also reckoned from the rising of Canopus.

Consensus

Proverbsroverbs recorded for the Gulf region covers the sighting of major stars, seasonal weather periods, and cultivation of date palms. Since most proverbs have been oral, only the most commonly memorized have been documented.

Indicative

defenses

liposuction

Seasonal Activities on Landn, was an important activity in Najd, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. The timing of crop production in the almanacs is documented. Irrigation systems, such as the . of Oman, were important sources of water. One of the most important crops was the date palm.

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Calendar Systems of the Gulf Almanacsng . navigational calendar from the summer dawn rising of Canopus (.). Specific Omani star calendars are used for the underground infiltration (.) systems and fishing cycles. The almanacs routinely record the shadow lengths for the daily prayers.

airborne

Traditional Knowledge of the Stars discussed. This includes information from the ninth-century weather star text of Ibn Qutayba. Later Arabic almanacs, including those in the Arab Gulf, often obtain information from Ibn Qutayba and earlier sources.

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