Titlebook: Rock Stress and Its Measurement; Bernard Amadei,Ove Stephansson Book 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1997 Borehole.concrete

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Jacking Methods,ck excavations (quarries, galleries, pillars, etc.). This in turn creates deformations that are measured with reference pins or strain gages placed on either side of the slots. Finally, equilibrium is restored by inserting a device such as a jack in the slots. Then the jack is pressurized until all

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Strain Recovery Methods,component and a timedependent (anelastic) recovery. Field measurements have shown that anelastic strain recovery occurs in drill cores after drilling and coring and is usually accompanied by the opening and propagation of preferential microcracks. Upon relief from an anisotropic . stress field, core

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Borehole Breakout Method,es share common average direction. Such intervals are defined as breakouts or breakout zones when the shorter diameter of the borehole corresponds to, or is close to, the diameter of the drillbit. The orientation of the major and minor horizontal . stresses around a vertical borehole can be inferred

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Case Studies and Comparison between Different Methods,f those techniques have been used at the same site either in a complementary manner or as a cross-check. Several examples of comparison between different methods are presented. Such comparisons are recommended in practice as they provide an additional measure of consistency and reliability with rega

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,The State of Stress in the Earth’s Crust: From Local Measurements to the World Stress Map,rt of the Earth’s crust (upper 4–5 km of the crust) is now available. Regional stress data from various continents have been collected in separate databases and later compiled into a worldwide database. The first part of this chapter deals with the organization and database of the World Stress Map P

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Using Stresses in Rock Engineering, Geology and Geophysics,) or artificial structures (tunnels, caverns, mines, surface excavations, etc.), a knowledge of the . or virgin stress field (along with other rock mass properties) is needed when predicting the response of rock masses to the disturbance associated with those structures. The response can take multip

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Methods of , Stress Measurement,ents using some indirect method’. Since stress can be represented by a secondorder Cartesian tensor, determination of the complete . stress field in three dimensions requires at least six independent pieces of information.

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Hydraulic Methods,sustain and reopen fractures in rock at the test horizon is measured and is related to the existing stress field. The direction of the measured stresses is usually obtained by observing and measuring the orientation of the hydraulically induced or opened fractures.