Titlebook: Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction; C.J. van Leeuwen,T.G. Vermeire Textbook 2007Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) an

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Ecotoxicological Effects,gy and chemistry (Figure 7.1). Truhaut [2] coined the term ecotoxicology and included effects on humans in his definition, manbeing part of ecosystems. The current tendency is to include the effects of chemicals on all species in the biosphere in the definition of ecotoxicology [3]. However, in this

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Data:Needs, Availability, Sources and Evaluation,s resulted in the OECD Council Act on the Minimum Premarketing Set of Data (MPD) for new chemicals [1] and the equivalent Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) for high production volume chemicals (see also Chapter 16). It is equally important to remember that it is not feasible to conduct complete

Cognizance

Predicting Fate-Related Physicochemical Properties,sses. In this context, long range transport potential and persistence are important characteristics of the compound behaviour [1-7]. Besides specialized models to address the compound fate in individual environmental compartments, multimedia fate models have become popular in exposure and fate asses

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綠州

Intelligent Testing Strategies,edible and transparent manner from a paradigm that requires extensive hazard (animal) testing to one in which a hypothesis- and risk-driven approach can be used to identify the most relevant . information [1]. Socalled Intelligent or Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) are a significant part of the

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The Management of Industrial Chemicals in the Eu,ndustry is the third largest industrial sector in the world. It is also a major economic force. Worldwide, it employs some ten million people and generates billions of euros in shareholder value and tax revenue for governments. Eighty percent of the production takes place in 16 countries, primarily

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Handedness

The Management of Industrial Chemicals in Japan,icals, food additives, pesticides, acutely toxic substances and other specific types of chemicals have a longer history of regulation, the general regulation on industrial chemicals started in the 1970’s. It was in the 1970’s that industrialized countries were confronted with severe pollution affect

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船員

The Oecd Chemicals Programme,stainable economic growth and employment, a rising standard of living, and trade liberalisation. By “sustainable economic growth” the OECD means growth that balances economic, social and environmental considerations. At the time of writing, the OECD groups 30 member countries: Australia, Austria, Be