Titlebook: Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Selected Systemic Diseases; J. Fernando Arévalo Book 2013 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Au

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Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis,isual loss. Definite diagnosis is based on the demonstration of noncaseating epithelioid-cell granuloma in the affected organs. A wide range of retinal and choroidal manifestations of the disease can frequently simulate other ocular conditions. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment, but seve

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Choroidal and Retinal Metastasis,riginate from primary cancers in the breast (47%), lung (21%), gastrointestinal tract (4%), kidney (2%), skin (melanoma) (2%), prostate gland (2%), and other sites (4%). Metastases are unilateral in 76% of cases and bilateral in 24%. Patient prognosis is poor, and those with metastatic skin melanoma

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Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Diseases,mmatory bowel disease (IBD), Whipple’s disease, pancreatitis, avitaminosis A, familial adenomatous polyposis, and zinc and copper deficiency. Their etiologies are diverse: IBD is thought to arise from an alteration in the immune response, Whipple’s disease is caused by the bacteria ., pancreatitis c

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Fundus Manifestations of the Oculoneurocutaneous Syndromes (Phakomatoses),e aware of their ocular complications and system associations. The syndromes described herein include tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), neurofibromatosis (NF), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, Sturge-Weber (SW) syndrome, Wyburn-Mason (WM) syndrome, and oculoneurocutaneous cavernous hemangiomatosis.

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