Titlebook: Red Gas; Russia and the Origi Per H?gselius Book 2013 Per H?gselius 2013 Austria.Europe.Russia.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

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Conclusion,“Will Europe Come to Depend on Russian Natural Gas?” read a headline in the .’s August 28, 1961 issue. It was a radical suggestion at the time, and few analysts—to the extent that they took notice of it at all— believed that imports of red gas, let alone any dependence on it, would ever come about. A number of factors seemed to speak against it.

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,Bavaria’s Quest for Energy Independence,d as promising to-be-importers, with Finland, Sweden, and Japan not far behind. West Germany, in contrast, was not mentioned in Mingazprom’s export strategy—despite its proximity to the Eastern bloc and its vast potential market.

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,Bavaria’s Quest for Energy Independence,ned conspicuously absent from the list of potential importers: the Federal Republic of Germany. Italy, France, and Austria were consistently identified as promising to-be-importers, with Finland, Sweden, and Japan not far behind. West Germany, in contrast, was not mentioned in Mingazprom’s export st

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From Contract to Flow: The Soviet-Austrian Experience,Gas companies and governments in a whole range of Western countries—plus Japan— had shown a clear interest in imports from the East, but the actual outcome of the talks that had been held so far was meager. Italy’s negotiations with Moscow seemed to have collapsed, France had more or less withdrawn

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Willy Brandt: Natural Gas as Ostpolitik,ternational political climate, and it unleashed a new dynamics of East-West relations. Initially, the loud Western protests against the Czechoslovak invasion tended to generate a political reluctance to any form of cooperation with Moscow.. In a second phase, however, most Western governments judged

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Constructing the Export Infrastructure,ped to completely new levels. Whereas Austria, the only capitalist country so far to actually import red gas, received 1.5 bcm annually, Italy and Germany would together import 9 bcm per year according to the contracts signed in 1969–1970. The second German contract and the first French contract sig

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