Titlebook: Radioguided Surgery; Giuliano Mariani,Armando E. Giuliano (Chief of Sci Book 2008 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under e

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The Anatomy and Physiology of Lymphatic Circulationty. Lymph nodes are the first place where lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens, leading to the production and dissemination of antigen-specific T lymphocytes and plasma cells. By delivering immunocompetent cells to sites where they are needed through the lymph, locally initiated immunity beco

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The Role of Lymph Node Staging for Clinical Decision Making in Patients with Solid Cancerstissue, 2) lymphatic dissemination, and 3) hematogenous spread. Currently, the TNM classification system of malignant tumors, periodically updated by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (.) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (.), is used to describe the tumor status of a pat

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Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Breast CancerCabanas proposed that sentinel lymph nodes could be removed and evaluated to determine the need for complete lymph node dissection in penile carcinoma (.). Landmark studies by Norman et al. in the early 1990’s redefined Sappey’s line physiologically and demonstrated the necessity of lymphoscintigrap

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Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Gynecologic Malignanciesal in patients with early malignant tumors of the vulva, cervix, and uterus (.). For most cancers, the standard therapeutic approach consists of radical resection of the primary tumor with extensive lymphadenectomy. Malignant diseases require appropriate staging to ensure that the surgery does not e

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Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Prostatic Cancer poor prognosis for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The prognosis depends on nodal cancer volume (.), extracapsular extension (.), and the number of prostatic nodes affected (.). It is not clear whether the more valuable prognostic factor is the diameter of the largest metastases