Titlebook: Political Parties in New Democracies; Party Organization i Ingrid Biezen Book 2003 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers L

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The Path towards Democracy: the Institutional Context of Party Formationd Janda (1994). In their view, party change is‘normally the result of leadership change, a change of dominant faction within the party and/or an external stimulus for change’ (Harmel and Janda, 1994: 262; see also Harmel et al. 1995). The broader contention here, however, is that the behaviour

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Introductionech Republic,‘a(chǎn) conception of democracy prevailing among the designers of the emerging democracies seems to be one in which political parties are the core foundation of the democratic political system.’

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Party Formation and Organizational Development: Opportunities and Constraintsetition is established after or concurrently with mass suffrage is likely to have an impact on the party system and its underlying cleavage structure as well as on the nature of the emerging political parties.

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Financing Parties in New Democraciesation within the party (cf. Panebianco, 1988). Moreover, for parties in the established Western democracies, it has been observed that the increasing availability of public funds has served to strengthen their orientation towards the state while it has at the same time contributed to their shifting away from society (Katz and Mair, 1995).

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Introductionrn democratic polity as well as for the expression and manifestation of political pluralism. This point of view thus contrasts sharply with the opinions predominating in the era when parties first emerged, when they were primarily perceived as a potential threat to the general interest. While the co

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Portugale rule of António Salazar (1926–68) and Marcelo Caetano (1968–74). The two years of the Portuguese Revolution that followed were characterized by a high level of political turmoil, a rapid succession of governments, attempted coups and countercoups, large-scale nationalizations and land expropriatio