Titlebook: Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols; Donald Armstrong Book 2002 Humana Press 2002

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Hydroxyl and 1-Hydroxyethyl Radical Detection by Spin Trapping and GC-MSd the radicals have a sufficiently long half-life to be measured). In the case of extremely short-lived free radicals, which are difficult to directly detect by ESR, spin-trapping procedures have been developed based on reaction of highly reactive radicals with a “spin trap,” generating an adduct fr

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Analysis of Aliphatic Amino Acid Alcohols in Oxidized Proteins that the use of the products of these reactions as specific markers of oxidative damage in in vivo situations has been established. Generic markers of protein oxidation such as protein carbonyls have been used longer as indices of protein oxidation in vivo (.) (reviewed recently in .., but it is un

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Rapid Determination of Glutamate Using HPLC Technologylogic concentrations of glutamate are 1 μ. extracellularly and several millimolar intracellularly. Higher extracellular levels lead to cytotoxicity in the neurons (.). Glutamate exerts its excitatory action via ligand-gated ion channels to enhance Na./Ca.conductance. There are two types of glutamate

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A Rapid Method for the Quantification of GSH and GSSG in Biological Samplesy used as markers of lipid peroxidation (.). Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) are biologically important intracellular thiols, and alterations in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to assess exposure of cells to oxidative stress. GSH plays an important role in scavenging free radica

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,-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Long-Lived Tissue Proteins oxidation of proteins (.,.). N.-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) is a well-characterized glycoxidation product that accumulates in tissues with age, and its rate of accumulation is accelerated in diabetes (.–.). CML is now known to be formed from the oxidation of both carbohydrates and lipids, making it