Titlebook: Orthogenesis versus Darwinism; Igor Popov Book 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Directed evolution.

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The Sources. Formation of the Concept of Directed Evolution in the Nineteenth Centuryy (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Georges Cuvier, Giovanni Batista Brocchi and others). They contained ideas related to spontaneous evolution, constraints on variation and the similarity of lifecycles of species and those of individuals. In the second half of the nineteenth century the concept of directed e

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Evolutionary Biology at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. New Concepts of Directed Evolution in they concepts existed in the 1900s–1930s, while none of them seemed to dominate. Some of them were associated with orthogenesis, which was at the peak of popularity in the 1910s–1920s. New concepts of directed evolution were born in Russia (nomogenesis, historical biogenetics), the USA (aristogenesis),

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Mingle

Orthogenesis and the Modern Evolutionary Synthesisess is partly due to the energetic claims of its authors that they had solved all the main problems of the evolutionary biology. The modern Darwinism was formed over a long period of time by many scientists. This circumstance was both its weakness and its strength. On the one hand, the vagueness of

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New Concepts of Directed Evolution in the Recent History of Evolutionary Biologyganicism (France), ./subjectivity (Japan), Frankfurt theory (Germany), contours of evolution (Russia), autoevolution (Sweden) and biological synthesis (Venezuela). The amount of data on directionality increased but new terms and seemingly new ideas confused the field further. In this way, the histor

evanescent

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“Laws” in Biologyvolution considered that these laws indicated the existence of order in the living nature similar to the order of chemical elements or the existence of internal forces driving evolution. On the contrary, authors opposing the concepts of directed evolution argued that there was no need to invent obsc

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Species Senescenceironment or competitors can indeed cause extinction, senile and weak groups, which are about to die anyway, are the first to succumb. Their opponents claimed that extinction was always a forced process caused by competitors and/or changing conditions and/or direct extermination and that the origin a

光亮

drusen

Anticipation, Parallelisms and Convergences re-emerge either as adaptations or as a mark of a new evolutionary stage. A similar phenomenon is the emergence of aristogenes, organs useless for an organism but creating preconditions for the origin of “useful” organs in its distant descendants. Unlike “anticipatory” features, they do not disappe