Titlebook: Optical Systems for Soft X Rays; Alan G. Michette Book 1986 Plenum Press, New York 1986 biology.cell biology.growth.imaging.synchrotron ra

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Reflective Optics for Soft X Rays II Multilayer Mirrors,o add in phase, in a manner analogous to Bragg reflection from a crystal. The Bragg condition for .th-order constructive interference is (Figure 4.1) that the angle θ that the incident radiation, of wavelength λ, makes with the crystal planes is equal to 0. where. and . is the spacing between the pl

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Manufacture of Multilayer Mirrors,s shown below, if the layers are not deposited with accurately controlled thicknesses, the performances of the mirrors are adversely affected. Substrate figure errors will not be considered here—they may be treated in the same fashion as those of grazing incidence mirrors discussed in Chapter 3. It

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Diffractive Optics I Diffraction Gratings,mer are employed in, for example, soft X-ray monochromators and spectrometers, while the latter are of use in image-forming systems such as microscopes and telescopes. The general properties of diffraction gratings have recently been comprehensively discussed,. and in this chapter only those feature

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The Design and Manufacture of X-Ray Diffraction Gratings,times the wavelength, i. e., a few hundred to one or two thousand lines per millimeter. These spacings are chosen to give large amounts of dispersion, which increases with .. For X-ray gratings the criteria are modified by the necessity of using grazing incidence, which causes an apparent foreshorte

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Manufacture of Zone Plates,rectly positioned. These properties will be modified for realizable zone plates, since the boundaries cannot be positioned with arbitrary accuracy. In particular, the intensity in each of the predicted foci will, in general, be decreased, the point spread functions will be changed, and further foci

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Applications of Soft X-Ray Focusing Systems, fluxes. The advent of powerful sources and efficient detectors of soft X rays gave the impetus for designing and producing high-resolution optical systems and now the uses of these are many and varied. As improved optics become available it is to be expected that the range of applications will wide

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Future Developments,ntense sources, advances in manufacturing technology, and the desire to utilize the unique properties of X rays in the soft X-ray wavelength range. In this chapter the possibilities of further improvements in optical performance and additional uses of existing or improved systems will be discussed.

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