Titlebook: Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism in Spaceflight and Analog Studies; Martina Heer,Jens Titze,Natalie Baecker Book 2015 The Author(s) 201

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Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism,ion, osmotic pressure, and anion–cation balance in the extracellular fluid compartment (Tietz et al. 1994). Electrolyte concentrations in the body are essential for proper cardiovascular function and are under renal and hormonal control (Preuss 2001). Increases in blood sodium levels can be caused b

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins, diet must result in a more or less clearly defined deficiency disease (Bender 2009). Vitamins are classified as either fat soluble or water soluble. In light of the astronauts’ inadequate dietary intake, the use of vitamin and mineral supplements is often debated (Smith et al. 2001). However, the d

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Supplements,ein and Leskiw 2000) and long-term bed rest (Smith et al. 2005a; Zwart et al. 2009b) lead to an increase in oxidative stress. Several in-flight studies have shown changes in cell-mediated immunity (Taylor and Janney 1992), cytokine production (Crucian et al. 2000, 2014; Sonnenfeld 1994), signal tran

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Nutrition in Space, not able to chew more solid food adequately or to digest the more complex nutrients from the food so that they can easily be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Formula diets are also intended for patients who might need a huge amount of energy, which cannot easily be provided by regular food components.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins,eficient energy intake of the astronauts is clearly the issue having highest priority. If dietary intake increases, the intake of all nutrients, including the vitamins and minerals, will increase. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are soluble in lipids and are usually absorbed in fat globules.

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