Titlebook: NextGen Network Synchronization; Dhiman Deb Chowdhury Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license t

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Dhiman Deb Chowdhuryaking through the dura), adding an extraosseous portion to their mainly in traosseous tumor, and may eventually infiltrate the dura locally. Their primary intraosseous origin may be inferred from the location of the main tumor mass and from the very limited dural invasion [1, 18].

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Dhiman Deb Chowdhuryensive work. This monograph is outstanding in many aspects, providing an overview of the clinical experiences gained in a single neurological institution over a period of 25 years between 1978 and 2003, consisting of 1081 spinal tumors treated in 868 patients, with 973 operations (intramedullary tum

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Fundamentals of Time Synchronization,y render serious network issues from performance degradation to catastrophic failure depending upon applications. Synchronization is categorized based on frequency, phase, and time for which oscillator serves as the core clock source. Atomic clock or atomic frequency standard remains to be the most

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Timing Parameters,ing parameters such as jitter and wander, PDV, TIE, MTIE, TDEV, and overall time error budget calculation are important. A series of ITU recommendations is created to support various timing measurements at different network reference points as well the source of primary reference clock. Phase wander

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The Primary Reference Source (PRS),k depends on a set of clocks time distribution which is organized in a hierarchy known as “stratum.” There are four stratum levels for network wide time synchronization. Prior to the acceptance of Ethernet to telecom industries, service providers network was dominated by TDM technologies such as T1,

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GNSS Time,the network. This highly accurate time is obtained by PRTC. The GNSS system comprises control segment, space segment, and user segment. The PRTC is part of user segment. The GNSS-based time is however subject to few error conditions some of which can be corrected for time accuracy while others are i

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Method of Time Distribution,nd communications parameters. Trimble Standard Interface Protocol (TSIP), National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA), and Radio Technical Commission for Maritime (RTCM) are some of the industry-standard protocols commonly used for GRU interface configurations. For time distribution, there are tw