Titlebook: Neurophysiology; P. P. Newman Book 1980 Spectrum Publications, Inc. 1980 neurophysiology.physiology

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Organ of Visioneactions resulting in the breakdown and resynthesis of visual pigments. Specialized photoreceptor cells, the rods and cones, utilize the energy released from these reactions to set up electrical potentials in a network of retinal neurons.

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Reflex Activityt of the central nervous system, perhaps just one segment of the spinal cord or one small nucleus in the brain. The majority of reflexes, however, occupy many levels of the nervous system, all combining in a coordinated manner to produce some desirable action.

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Skeletal Muscle Tone and Posturerents coming from the muscles themselves. Today, this view is generally held and remains of great practical importance to the neurologist, since alteration in the tone of skeletal muscle is a common result of pathological processes in human diseases. From what has been said in the last chapter, it s

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Control of Postureed before any coordinated movement is carried out. The essential elements for most postural activities are present in the spinal cord. But muscular tone in the spinal animal is deficient, and the spinal reflexes cannot adapt themselves to ensure stability when body position is disturbed. The adjustm

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Voluntary Movementbral cortex. Jackson postulated the existence of localized motor areas in the brain from studies of clinical cases, and soon afterward, two other investigators, Fritsch and Hitzig, discovered that electrical stimulation of the cortex caused movements in the opposite limbs. In 1875, Ferrier demonstra

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Disturbances of Motor Functionsmade to localize the site and to assess the extent of the damage, and then certain tests are conducted to help confirm the diagnosis. If the disturbance is confined to the anterior horn cells or to the motor nerves and their muscles, it is described as a lower motor neuron lesion; if the disturbance

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Physiology of Pain and it can arouse all kinds of bodily reactions depending on the site, intensity, and duration of the stimulus and on the tolerance of the individual. Pain is difficult to study in animals for they cannot describe their sensations, but animals that are hurt do show obvious signs of distress and rea

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