Titlebook: Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina; M. B. A. Djamgoz (Professor of Neurobiology),S. N. Book 1995 Springer Science+Busin

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Photoreceptor-horizontal cell connectivity, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation,ls in the amphibian retina (Lasanky, 1979), whereas in many vertebrates a major modulatory influence is exerted by the interplexiform cells (Chapter 15). HCs occur in a number of morphological forms even in the retina of a given species. They may be axonless or axon-bearing, and the latter may have

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Horizontal cell coupling and its regulation,their role in visual processing in the outer plexiform layer. One such important characteristic is the extended nature of horizontal cell receptive field response properties. Horizontal cells in general respond to light stimuli that are presented well beyond their individual dendritic field. The ori

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The organization of photoreceptor to bipolar synapses in the outer plexiform layer, then modulate the flow of neurotransmitter from photoreceptors to second-order neurons, the bipolar and horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The photoreceptor neurotransmitter, glutamate, binds to receptor complexes located on bipolar-cell and horizontal-cell postsynaptic membranes,

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Photoreceptor-bipolar cell transmission,relayed to the higher visual centers of the brain. A high degree of processing of the visual signal occurs in the outer retina. For example, center-surround receptive field organization via lateral inhibitory inputs to bipolar cells from horizontal cells establishes the elements of contrast and edge

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Neurotransmitter release from bipolar cells,quid giant synapse that neurotransmitter is released upon activation of the Ca. current (Katz and Miledi, 1969; Llinas .., 1981; Augustine ., 1985; reviewed in Augustine .., 1987). Synaptic transmission in the vertebrate CNS seems to be more complicated than that at the squid giant synapse; CNS neur