Titlebook: Navigation and Robotics in Total Joint and Spine Surgery; James B. Stiehl,Werner H. Konermann,Rolf G. Haaker Book 2004 Springer-Verlag Ber

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C-Arm-Based Navigationument displayed as a virtual instrument in the medical image in real time. This is achieved by using surgical instruments equipped with infrared (IR) LEDs (active markers) or with reflecting spheres (passive markers), enabling the instrument to be ?seen? by a camera.

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Bone Morphing: 3D Reconstruction Without Pre- or Intraoperative Imaging - Concept and Applicationsthe patient undergoing surgery. The second is the ., during which the surgeon plans the procedure based on the model built at the previous stage. Next, there is the .. This takes place in the operating room, where the surgeon tries to perform, as accurately as possible, the procedure defined at step

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CT-Free-Based-Navigation Systemsated implant wear and loosening and sub-optimal functional performance. A number of studies have suggested that alignment errors of greater than three degrees are associated with more rapid failure and less satisfactory functional results of total knee arthroplasties [2, 3, 8, 9,11,14, 20, 24, 27, 30, 31, 36–38, 44,46].

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Navigation and Robotics in Total Joint and Spine Surgery