Titlebook: Microbial DNA and Host Immunity; Eyal Raz Book 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2002 Antigen.Asthma.DNA.HIV.Nucleotide.infect

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5 Activation of Innate Immunity by Microbial Nucleic Acids LPS), by the host via pattern recognition receptors (PRR; .). Two different recognition systems were established to explain the activation of innate immunity by microbial product. The first PRR is intracellular and utilizes the PKR to recognize dsRNA, an intermediate product during viral replicatio

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Phosphorothioate Backbone Modification Changes the Pattern of Responses to CpGicked by oligonucletides (ODN) (.), and this has been critical in establishing the sequence requirements for activation. Both native phosphodiester oligonucleotides and phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides (PO-ODN and PS-ODN) of various sequences can activate macrophages, dendritic cells, and

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Regulation of Antigen Presenting Cell Function by CpG DNApeptidoglycan, bacterial lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, microbial polysaccharides (e.g., mannans) and CpG DNA motifs present in bacterial DNA (.). The immune system uses pattern recognition receptors like the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to recognize these bacterial components, and transduce signals

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Activation of B cells by CpG Motifs in Bacterial DNAelies on the assistance of the innate immune defenses, such as dendritic cells, which must be activated in order to trigger optimal immune responses. These cells of the innate immune system lack such highly specific antigen receptors, instead relying on a set of “pattern recognition receptors” (PRRs

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IFN-Dependent Pathways for Stimulation of Memory CD8+ Cellsese T cells rarely divide in normal unimmunized animals but mount intense TCR-dependent proliferative responses when confronted with specific foreign ligands, i.e., foreign peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on specialized antigen-presenting cells (APC). After elimina

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Cross-Priming of CD8+ T Cells by Immunostimulatory Sequence DNAtem such as phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells [DC]) and NK cells and upon B cells, promoting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and surface molecules (.). They have little direct effect upon CD8. and CD4. T cells, yet animal models have shown that ISS-based vaccines promote two an

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The Th1 Adjuvant Effect of Immunostimulatory (ISS) DNA Sequencester gene encoded by the plasmid injected into the muscle cell (.). Subsequent studies revealed that this form of gene transfer could result in a protective immune response to influenza (.). The basis of this response was in the generation of antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and humoral