Titlebook: Merchants, Market and Monarchy; Economic Thought and Tengda Hua Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

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Institution: Designed System Faced by Ming Merchants,to commerce and merchants, a separate chapter is necessary to identify and explain the surroundings faced by Ming merchants. To be more specific, this chapter first introduced fundamental elements in Chinese culture and society, i.e. Confucianism, kinship, political structure, the imperial exams, st

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Taxation: Levy on Merchants,mercial tax rates, strict punishments to prevent tax evasion were enforced. During the mid-Ming period, appeals for the taxation of merchants were aimed at reducing the burdens placed on peasants, and objections to fixed commercial tax rates became the predominant thought. When it came to late Ming,

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Consumption: Two Pairs of Thought Involving Merchants,irst thing that cannot be avoided is the debate over two core issues in ancient Chinese economic thought: righteousness vs. profits, and thrift vs. luxury. The debate over righteousness and profits reveals the scholars’ views on the role of merchants, and the argumentation of righteousness and profi

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Ranking: Scholars, Merchants, Craftsmen, and Peasants,eory of four occupations put forth by Wang Yangming holds valid is the core element to investigate when comparing the relative status of scholars and merchants. According to my research, the order of the occupational groups in Ming China should be as follows: scholars remained indisputably alone in

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978-3-030-77191-1The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl

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Merchants, Market and Monarchy978-3-030-77189-8Series ISSN 2662-6578 Series E-ISSN 2662-6586

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