Titlebook: Major Depressive Disorder; Rethinking and Under Yong-Ku Kim Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive lice

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Challenges and Strategies for Current Classifications of Depressive Disorders: Proposal for Future D-5), depressive disorders have been separated as a distinctive disease entity from bipolar disorders, consistent with the deconstruction of Kraepelinian dualism. Additionally, the diagnostic thresholds of depressive disorders may be reduced due to the addition of “hopelessness” to the subjective des

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Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity in Major Depression: Its Therapeutic Implicationants. This approach does not explain the gap between the immediate biochemical modulations induced by antidepressants and the time required for their clinical action. Several hypotheses have been developed to try to explain more precisely the action of these molecules, each of them involving mechani

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A Load to Find Clinically Useful Biomarkers for Depressionhere are still no validated, easy obtainable, clinically useful noninvasive biomarker(s) or biomarker panel that will be able to confirm a diagnosis of depression, its subtypes and improve diagnostic procedures. Future multimodal preclinical and clinical research that involves (epi)genetic, molecula

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Genetic Architecture of Depression: Where Do We Stand Now?these studies were mostly not replicable. Thus, genetics of depression have remained elusive for a long time. As research moves from candidate gene association studies to GWAS, the hypothesis-free non-candidate gene association studies in genome-wide level, this trend will likely change. Despite the

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Pharmacogenetic/Pharmacogenomic Tests for Treatment Prediction in Depression in the promise of pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic (PGx) tools for optimizing and personalizing treatment outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The influence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes on response and tolerability has been investigated, including those encodin

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The Role of Neurotrophic Factors in Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorderogy of this illness. Current evidence demonstrates that impaired neuroplasticity induced by alterations of neurotrophic growth factors and related signaling pathways may be underlying to the pathophysiology of MDD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most studied neurotrophic factor invo

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