Titlebook: Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms; Xinjie Yu,Mitsuo Gen Book 2010 Springer-Verlag London 2010 algorithms.artificial life.combinatori

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d spectrum of topics within nanotechnology, including synthesis techniques, various innovative characterization techniques, growth mechanisms of nanomaterials, the physics and chemistry of nanomaterials, diverse functionalization methods, and the various applications of nanomaterials in biology, the

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semiconductor industry has successfully overcome many hurdles, including the current transition to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology [1]. Looking to the future, the next major challenges to Si CMOS include new materials (high-κ and low-κ dielectrics [2]), new device geometries (dual-gate or fin-

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speed and small area.The continuous decrease in transistor feature size has been pushing the CMOS process to its physical limits caused by ultra-thin gate oxides,short channel effects, doping fluctuations, and the unavailability of lithography in nanoscale range. To continue the size/speed improvem