Titlebook: Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Volume 1: General an Gerard Marshall Raj,Ramasamy Raveendran Book 2019 Springer Natu

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Drug Absorption and Bioavailability absorption of drugs. They include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. Drug absorption is quantified in terms of bioavailability. Bioavailability is the extent to which absorption occurs. In other words, bioavailability is the fraction of the administered dru

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Drug Distributionstribution. Distribution is an important process which results in exposure of the target organ to the drug. The initial phase is highly influenced by the amount of blood flow to various organs and is responsible for the acute onset action of the drugs. The second phase is a slower phase where the dr

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Drug Metabolismoccur predominantly in the liver and kidney with a minor contribution from the GI tract, lungs, skin, and plasma. In the liver, the cytochrome P450 enzymes play a major role in the metabolism of drugs and have a significant role in “drug interaction” due to enzyme induction and inhibition during mul

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Drug Eliminationf the drug. The major route of drug elimination is kidney, followed by the liver, lungs, skin, salivary glands, mammary glands, and semen constituting the nonrenal pathways for drug elimination. Size, solubility, polarity, and protein binding nature are the major determinants for the elimination of

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Mechanisms of Drug Actioneptions, the general rule is that drugs do not work unless they bind to a receptor. A receptor is a cellular component that the drugs bind to and produce cellular action. Receptors can either be signal-transducing extracellular entities, ion channels, intracellular enzymes or intranuclear targets. D

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Drug Transporters environmental toxins. Drug transporters are also involved in the regulation of drug distribution and their bioavailability, transport of compounds across the blood-brain barrier, and hematopoietic stem cell protection from toxins. Functionally, they are classified as influx and efflux transporters.

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