Titlebook: Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I; Richard W. Compans,Michael B. A. Oldstone Book 2014 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The A

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Acid-Induced Membrane Fusion by the Hemagglutinin Protein and Its Role in Influenza Virus Biology,in avian species has been associated with a relatively high HA activation pH. In contrast, a decrease in H5N1 HA activation pH has been shown to enhance replication and airborne transmission in mammals. Mutations that alter the acid stabilities of H1 and H3 HA proteins have also been discovered that

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Enhancement of Influenza Virus Transmission by Gene Reassortment,rus transmissibility in animal models such as ferrets and guinea pigs. H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses represent the top three subtypes that are candidates to cause the next human influenza pandemic. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether the transmissionof these avian influenz

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Molecular Determinants of Influenza Virus Pathogenesis in Mice, determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenesis, not only in mice but also in humans and other species. In particular, several mouse-adaptive mutations of avian influenza viruses have proved to be general mammalian-adaptive changes that are potential markers of pre-pandemic viruses. As well as

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