Titlebook: Infant Brain Development; Formation of the Min Hugo Lagercrantz Book 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 Biochemistry a

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Nerve Growth and Neurotransmission,to promote the survival and development of necessary neurons. Optimal pathways are formed by selective mechanisms or so-called neuronal Darwinism..Nervous communication between cells was first believed to be mainly electrical, but then was found to be due to neurochemical transmission, although elec

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Fetal Moving and Sensing,tion. Input from the sensory neurons is important for shaping the receptive fields in the cortex. The fetus can smell, taste, and hear, and this sensory input is probably also important for the development of the brain. There is spontaneous activity in the retinas, which simulate visual stimulation.

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The Stress of Being Born and First Breaths,leased. The blood levels are about 20-fold higher than in resting adults. This is of importance for the neonatal adaptation. The noradrenergic system in the brain (locus ceruleus) is also activated, which arouses the newborn infant. Genes and transcription factors are also switched on. Breathing mov

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Language and Music,, while it is more difficult to learn a new mother’s tongue after 3 years. This is related to synaptogenesis which peaks in the language areas around 8 months. The infant prefers a voice with high pitch, which is why the mother automatically speaks motherese. Infants prefer harmonic music.

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Genes and Parents,vironmental factors can methylate or demethylate the genome and in this way affect the outcome. Environmental factors can change the programming of the physiological homeostasis during development, which may explain why growth-retarded offspring more often develop hypertension, diabetes, and also me

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