Titlebook: Humans as Components of Ecosystems; The Ecology of Subtl Mark J. McDonnell,Steward T. A. Pickett Book 1993 Springer Science+Business Media

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Cupping

An Exceptionally Powerful Biotic FactorThe questions raised by the relationship between humans and their physical environment are as old as western thought. As Glacken (1967) has pointed out, people throughout the ages have persistently asked three broad questions:

Encapsulate

Comprise

Ecosystems and Human Actionsgh I regard them as extremely problematic, those approaches may be closer to what many biologists expect from a social scientist and it may, therefore, be useful to indicate what is problematic about them.

胰臟

Land-use History and Forest Transformations in Central New Englandand ecologists (Fisher 1928, 1933; Raup and Carlson 1941). Today the Long-term Ecological Research program continues to compare and contrast the effects of human and natural disturbance processes (Foster and Smith 1991).

菊花

The Human Component of Ecosystems and these impacts, in turn, then influenced humans themselves and their culture (Fig. 7.1). In fact, interplay between cultural and biological processes has been a consistent and highly significant feature of . human situations that have ever existed. It occurs in all ecosystems of which humans are a part or on which they have any influence.