Titlebook: High Energy Cosmic Rays; Todor Stanev Book 2021Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Astroparticle Physics.Multi-messenger as

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Cosmic Rays in the Atmospherethe energy spectrum and the composition of the primary cosmic rays. The interpretation of these measurements requires one additional step—calculation of the fluxes generated by a cosmic ray nucleus of mass ., charge . and energy ..

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Cosmic Rays at the Top of the Atmosphereh a proton would retain on the average less than 0.001 of its energy. The energy loss fluctuates from event to event and the energy spectrum of cosmic ray protons would be difficult to reconstruct. Heavier cosmic ray nuclei have significantly shorter interaction lengths and lose energy much faster.

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Cosmic Rays in the Atmospherell these particles together create a cascade, called an air shower. In principle, measurements of air shower particles can be interpreted in terms of the energy spectrum and the composition of the primary cosmic rays. The interpretation of these measurements requires one additional step—calculation