Titlebook: Handbook on Radiation Environment, Volume 2; Dose Measurements Dinesh Kumar Aswal Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

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Radiation Processes, Radiation Quantities, and Units. To develop a fundamental understanding on how radioactivity and radiation contribute to these different domains, this chapter provides an overview of several radioactive processes such as decay by alpha, beta, gamma emission, internal conversion, electron capture, and spontaneous neutron fission,

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Ionizing Radiation Metrologyand regulatory affairs. The initial system of measurement, based on human morphology, was later replaced by nature-based standards due to inconsistencies. The globalization of trade necessitated a common measurement standard, leading to the establishment of international organizations, including the

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Biological Effects of Radiationto exercise the needed precautions. Besides, information on cellular level effects is also helpful in designing many applications in the field of medicine such as therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. The operational limits are also derived from the quantitative information of biological hazards. A

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Monitoring of External Gamma and Beta Exposuresprotection and operational aspects. The principles of radiological protection are addressed in the beginning, underlining the necessity for personnel monitoring to adhere to radiological safety and regulatory guidelines. The rationale for monitoring radiation exposure is discussed, with an emphasis

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Monitoring of External Neutron Exposuresalso encountered during the enrichment of fissile materials and processing of spent fuels. Neutron sources are widely used in medicine (neutron capture therapy) and industry (oil-well logging). Neutron monitoring is therefore a subject of general interest and considerable attention is being paid for

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Radiation Environment in Industrial and Research Facilitiesure leading to significant societal benefits. In industrial radiography gamma rays, X-rays and neutrons are used to identify the defects in objects, joints, castings, etc. Cargo scanning in sea ports and X-ray baggage scanning at airports/public places are some of the most effective methods adopted

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Radiation Environment in Particle Accelerator Facilitiesreas, various types of accelerators are operational across the world with varying energy and particle intensity. During the process of acceleration and use of these accelerated charged particles, secondary radiations are generated which may cause harm to the personnel associated with operation and m

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Radiation Environment in Medical Facilitiese programmes. Now, it is difficult to imagine a human healthcare system without ionizing radiation-based imaging and therapeutic procedures. The medical imaging procedures of ionizing radiation use kilovoltage X-rays generated by specialized equipment as well as gamma rays emitted by radioisotopes.