Titlebook: Handbook on Crime and Deviance; Marvin D. Krohn,Alan J.‘Lizotte,Gina Penly Hall Book 20091st edition Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

舔食

expansive

General Strain Theoryth crime. Such individuals may engage in crime to end or escape from their strains. For example, an individual with a desperate need for money may engage in theft or an adolescent being abused by her father may run away from home. Individuals may engage in crime to seek revenge against the source of

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Labeling Theoryhe theory assumes that although deviant behavior can initially stem from various causes and conditions, once individuals have been labeled or defined as deviants, they often face new problems that stem from the reactions of self and others to negative stereotypes (stigma) that are attached to the de

賞錢

Institutional Anomie Theory: A Macro-sociological Explanation of Crime for classifying these explanations is according to their primary level of analysis. Micro-level theories direct attention to characteristics of individuals (e.g., biological, psychological, and social psychological traits) or their immediate social context (e.g., family and peer influences) to expl

剛開始

Social Disorganization Theory: Then, Now, and in the Futureequally in all areas; rather, it tends to cluster in certain locales but not others. It is for this reason that residents can often identify where the “good” and “bad” areas of a city are. Social disorganization theory takes this fact—the non-random distribution of crime—as a point of departure for

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蕨類

轉(zhuǎn)向

Desistance from Crime& Hirschi, 1990; Huesmann, Eron, Lefkowitz, & Walder, 1984; Le Blanc & Fréchette, 1989). According to Loeber (1982), “Children who initially display high rates of antisocial behaviour are more likely to persist in this behaviour than children who initially show lower rates of antisocial behaviour”(p

輕觸

Substance-Abuse

Contributions of Cross-National Research to Criminology at the Beginning of the 21st Centuryethodological advancements for studying crime, and institutionalizing the discipline within academia. It is not surprising, then, that “for most American scholars, criminology is . criminology” (Marshall, 2008, p. 49, original emphasis).