Titlebook: Handbook of the Protists; John M. Archibald,Alastair G.B. Simpson,Claudio H. Reference work 2017Latest edition Springer International Publ

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Rhodophyta,uch as diatoms, dinoflagellates, haptophytes, and phaeophytes all containing a red algal-derived plastid of serial endosymbiotic origin. Analysis of red algal nuclear genomes shows that they have relatively small gene inventories of 6,000–10,000 genes when compared to other free-living eukaryotes. T

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Zygnematophyta,may be quite specific for individual species. The fossil record extends at least to the Carboniferous. Recent analyses have placed this group as the sister taxon to land plants, despite the dramatic differences in morphology, life cycles, and reproduction. The group includes the well-known . and num

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Charophyceae (Charales),tends to the Upper Silurian, and many genera and families have become extinct. These algae provide important ecosystem services, for example, as colonizing species, as biological agents for producing water clarity, or as the base of the food web. Charophytes are important for the study of evolution

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Bacillariophyta,consist of a larger end piece (valve) and a series of narrow strips (girdle bands). Expansion of the cell occurs by sliding apart of the thecae and addition of new bands to the inner, overlapped theca. At cell division, each daughter cell inherits one of the thecae of the parent and forms a new thec

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