Titlebook: Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics; Harald H. Rose Book 20091st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Aberration correctors.Elec

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Aberrations,ons throughout a given system very accurately by means of high-order finite element or finite difference procedures. Computing the particle trajectories by direct ray tracing [123, 124] yields directly the overall aberrations. The main disadvantages of this method are that the individual Seidel-orde

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Correction of Aberrations, .′/. of magnetic lenses cannot exceed a maximum value. By taking into account this constraint and employing the calculus of variations, Tretner [131,132] optimized round lenses and derived minimum attainable values for their chromatic and spherical aberration coefficients. In the important case of

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Electron Mirrors,wever, large ray gradients do occur in the vicinity of turning points at which the axial direction of flight of the particle changes its sign or near the emitting surfaces of cathodes. Examples for systems with turning points are electron mirrors, ion traps, and the magnetic bottle. Because the comp

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Optics of Electron Guns,n gun because the curvature of the emitting tip determines the strength of the electric field. The weak electric field of a flat cathode surface cannot immediately remove the thermally emitted electrons, resulting in the buildup of an electron cloud. The negative space charge reduces the emission cu

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Relativistic Electron Motion and Spin Precession,s monotonically, whereas the timelike position coordinate . = i. needs not, contrary to classical mechanics. The four-dimensional Minkowski space is composed of the three-dimensional space with coordinates . = ., . =., . = . and the imaginary timelike coordinate .,.. The imaginary character of this

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978-3-642-09944-1Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009

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Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics978-3-540-85916-1Series ISSN 0342-4111 Series E-ISSN 1556-1534

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Economic Theory, Welfare and the State and concepts of . optics. Macroscopic fields are produced by macro scopic elements, such as solenoids, magnetic multipoles, or by voltages applied to conducting devices, e.g., cylinders or apertures. We define the atomic fields within solid or biological objects as . fields. The propagation of the