Titlebook: Expeditions as Experiments; Practising Observati Marianne Klemun,Ulrike Spring Book 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 20

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,Mary Barber’s Expedition Journal: An Experimental Space to Voice Social Concerns,istinct tradition of women’s writing about nature and that Cape flora were important for the construction of ethnic identity before Afrikaans republicanism. The chapter discusses how knowledge on nature was used to negotiate gender equality, class and ethnic difference, as well as to legitimize the colonization of nature.

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Materializing the Aurora Borealis: Carl Weyprecht and Scientific Documentation of the Arctic,e expedition. The chapter argues that not only did the expedition function as an experiment in a social and cultural way, but also the acts of observing and documenting the aurora functioned as experiments that helped to test the boundaries of science.

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Going Deeper Underground: Social Cooperation in Early Twentieth-Century Cave Expeditions, attention to the social and sexual diversity of participants who struggled for the exclusivity of the first look. The chapter concludes with a case study of two expeditions, undertaken by the Austrian Academy of Science and the Speleological Club of Vienna respectively, in the early 1920s.

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Gandhi inthe Twenty First Century rejects the experimental science of chemistry in favour of botany, this rejection of chemistry does not entail a rejection of experimentation. Rather, Rousseau objects to the avarice with which he believed chemistry was contaminated. Yet, despite its association with a discredited science, the chem

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62186-6ly available means to reach the “contact zones”, where Westerners, despite some challenges, could acquire natural history objects and local knowledge through exchange with the locals. By tracing the surviving fish specimens, archives and drawings, as well as collecting literary source materials in E

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Critique of Modern Civilisation, experiment in the course of which these specimens are created. Instructions, scientific interests, collecting practices, preservation and travelling itself influence the qualities of specimens and consequently further physiological investigation and classification. Therefore specimens in museums an