Titlebook: Environmental Toxicology; Selected Entries fro Edward A. Laws Book 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Bioaccumulation.Bioma

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Bioaccumulation/Biomagnifications in Food Chains,were using the term incorrectly [1, p. 46]. He then went on to propose careful definitions of the ways in which xenobiotics can gain entry into organisms. As noted above in the glossary, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification, and biosynthesis of substances represent four different rout

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Biomarkers and Metabolomics, Evidence of Stress,d as toxicants, pathogens, and physical stimulants. Although the reactions and the degree of response may vary, stressors frequently induce extensive metabolic changes in a living organism. Comparative research on a large set of metabolites at different stress states can provide detailed insights in

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Bioremediation and Mitigation, industry to search for innovative remediation technologies. The use of innovative technologies that provide a cost-effective and permanent treatment method is gaining the attention of regulatory agencies, the public, and, most importantly, the industries responsible for cleanup. In order to address

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Ecological and Health Risks at Low Doses,y has since been to define the precise biological factors that dictate the relationship between dose and response following exposure to chemicals. One of the major challenges in risk assessment more recently appreciated is the difficulty in predicting with statistical certainty adverse effects at lo

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Ecological Risk Assessment and Animal Models,unities of species. Although ecological risk assessments can be used for regulating chemicals and managing watersheds, the most typical use is for the study and remediation of contaminated sites. The organismal effects that can be examined vary considerably, depending on the ultimate use of the asse

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Environmental Toxicology: Oxidative Stress,of biologic redox signaling and control (Fig. 12.1) [1]. Oxidation–reduction reactions, or “redox” reactions, are reactions involving electron transfer. These reactions are central to energy metabolism and maintenance of metabolic and physical organization of living organisms. Environmental agents t

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Harmful Algal Blooms,ead to devastating outcomes, including large mortalities of marine organisms (e.g., fish kills); toxic contamination of filter-feeding organisms such as bivalve shellfish that subsequently enter the market for distribution to consumers; economic hardships for fisheries, aquaculture, and recreational