Titlebook: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean; Paul Arthur Berkman,Alexander N. Vylegzhanin Conference proceedings 2013 Springer Science+Busi

LAPSE

Opening Remarks taking up the challenges. Instead of talking about traditional potential conflicts, it is more a conflict between different mindsets of how the Arctic should be dealt with in the future. In this process of change, the critical aspect will be how change is handled by those affected, or “inside” the Arctic.

FEAT

Arctic Climate Change: Security Challenges and Stewardship Opportunitiesic but perhaps not the strategic pressure for development of Arctic energy and mineral resources. This, however, may only be temporary. All these factors give the international community the opportunity to deal with Arctic security challenges before they result in tension, confrontation and environmental damage.

運(yùn)動性

愛國者

責(zé)難

向外供接觸

Diminishing Sea-Ice Extent and Thickness in the Arctic Ocean thickness. Through the late twentieth century Arctic sea ice extent shrank at a relatively modest rate of 3–4% per decade (annually averaged) but after 1996 this speeded up to 10% per decade and in summer 2007 there was a massive collapse of ice extent to a new record minimum of only 4.1 million sq

exhilaration