Titlebook: Encyclopedia of Evidence in Pharmaceutical Public Health and Health Services Research in Pharmacy; Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar (Editor-in-Chief) L

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Digital Health and Pharmacy: Evidence Synthesis and Applications,tients and clients. Digital health is a field that utilizes artificial intelligence, big data, and robotics to carry out several functions in the field. The entry synthesizes the evidence about the use of digital health technologies for patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare institutions, an

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Disaster Management and Emergency Preparedness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries,s national or international assistance based on the severity of the damage. Disasters can be caused by nature (e.g., hurricanes, floods, tsunami, landslides, and earthquakes) or human-inflicted (e.g., bioterrorism, cyberattacks, armed conflicts, civil war, chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiolog

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Disease Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries,cal practitioners and decision-makers formulate priorities for effective interventions and evaluate their impacts. It helps to answer five important questions related to the diseases of interest: the event itself, event site, time of event, victim/patient, and causal agents. Surveillance can be carr

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Drug Safety in Children: Research Studies and Evidence Synthesis,en proven to provide evidence on major drug safety issues in pediatrics including adverse drug reaction, off-label drug use, medication error, and inappropriate and irrational drug use. Knowledge on and applicability of pharmacoepidemiology approach among healthcare professionals providing care for

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Drug Safety in Pregnancy: Data, Methods, and Challenges,e elements to consider when designing a study and selecting a data source. Following the thalidomide tragedy in the 1960s, where babies were born with a range of major congenital malformations resulting from their mother’s use of thalidomide in the first trimester of pregnancy, more attention has be

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Economic Evaluation Methods and Approaches,dress a specific problem. It is increasingly used across the world to help inform decisions about which treatment and services (termed here “health technologies”) a healthcare service should fund. This entry outlines the principles and methods for economic evaluation of health technologies. Specific

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Economic Evidence for Pharmacist-Led Medicines Use Review and Medicines Reconciliation,blems (DRP) and medication discrepancies in order to optimize medicines use and ensure the patient safety. As “diagnostic-resolution” interventions, the question of their economic impact and cost-effectiveness from healthcare systems perspective is crucial, and the level of their related evidence co