Titlebook: Declaring War in Early Modern Europe; Frederic J. Baumgartner Book 2011 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Nature America Inc. 2011 eightee

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The Age of Revolution,to the philosophes a reasonable, worthwhile, and achievable undertaking, especially since it appeared to them that, as Vattel put it, “[A]t the present day the Nations of Europe almost always carry on war with great forbearance and generosity.”. That certainly included the use of declarations of war.

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Introduction,usions they have reached. The consensus reached in the eighteenth century required a declaration of war for an offensive war, defined as one undertaken by attacking the lands and forces of another state, but only for the purpose of repairing a manifest injury, while a clearly defensive war did not need a declaration.

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Ancient and Medieval Precedents,the distant past.. In the course of what are usually labeled as the ancient and medieval eras of European history, the act of declaring war was transformed from a magical process to one entirely conventional, although the proper performance of the act was still seen as conveying divine approval of the coming war.

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,The Sixteenth Century—The Theory,enaissance humanists, Roman practice was superior in every respect to that of the Middle Ages. Gianantonio Campano produced the first printed edition of Livy’s . in 1470, which was the principal source on Roman practice of declaring war. As Niccolo Machiavelli wrote in his . (II, 23), “I think that

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The Seventeenth Century,irst decade of that century was one of the most peaceful in Europe in the early modern era. To be sure, sporadic fighting continued in Hungary between Austria and the Ottoman Empire, and the years 1601–04 saw the bloody siege of Ostend in the ongoing Dutch Revolt, but there was no major new war unti

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The Eighteenth Century,and gentlemen announced their intentions to other gentlemen, whether fighting a duel or going to war. The Scottish philosopher David Hume declared that once civil governments had been established in contiguous nations a new set of obligations to neighboring states appeared. Their selfishness and amb

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The Age of Revolution,e concepts of war and ideas for the new governments they created. Enlightened philosophes were sharply critical of war as it had been fought through the ages. They regarded war as the greatest evil confronting mankind, but they had little hope it could be eliminated; thus, they combined proposals fo