Titlebook: Crystallographic Methods and Protocols; Christopher Jones,Barbara Mulloy,Mark R. Sanderson Book 1996 Humana Press 1996

難取悅

Annie Hau-Nung Chan,Lawrence Ka-Ki Hodata generated by the interaction of X-rays with the crystals of the macromolecule under investigation. In general, there are two points at which the process languishes because of lack of necessary material or data. The first is the initial crystallization of the macromolecule; although work is bein

干涉

udes and the calculation of phases for each diffraction point (maximum). Although amplitudes can be directly measured from diffracting crystals, phases are indirectly determined, because there are no lenses that can bend and focus X-rays. Thus, methods were developed to calculate phases from the int

puzzle

無法破譯

Julia Brannen,Peter Moss,Ann Mooneyes measured experimentally and phases obtained with the multiple isomorphous replacement method. This method has poor precision, generating errors in the phases and therefore in the map. If the quality of the map is not sufficient to trace clearly a molecular model, it is necessary to improve the ph

沉積物

nonsensical

Julia Brannen,Peter Moss,Ann Mooneyea detectors, and data analysis by high performance computers and new computational techniques. In addition, recombinant gene technology in many cases allows the expression of large amounts of protein. This has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of protein crystal structures elucida

阻撓

含鐵

The Foreign Policy Election That Wasn’tews . [.–.]). This has allowed a detailed understanding of how specific proteins interact with DNA (e.g., prokaryotic repressors), but has not facilitated the formulation of a common protein-DNA recognition code, which although suggested earlier (.), now appears to be too simplistic (.). However, so

myopia

The Foreign Policy Election That Wasn’t resolution, and is thus an extraordinarily powerful tool in the pursuit of a fuller understanding of the functioning of these simple biological systems. We have already expanded our knowledge of virus evolution, assembly, antigenic variation, and host-cell interactions; further studies will no doub

Inordinate

The Foreign Policy Election That Wasn’tst major breakthrough came with the crystallization (.) and X-ray crystallography (.,.) of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (. refs. . and . for reviews). The structure of another, entirely different membrane protein, the bacterial outer membrane porin from ., has now been determined by