Titlebook: Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise; Dynamics of Scientif Mansoor Niaz Book 20091st edition Springer Science+Busin

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Understanding Scientific Progress: From Duhem to Lakatos,g to Urbach (1989): “Lakatos‘s methodology of science developed out of Kuhn‘s theory of paradigm, and this in turn was proposed largely in reaction to Popper‘s philosophy of science” (p. 399). Lakatos in his Ph.D. thesis recognizes his debt to three intellectual sources: Pólya‘s mathematical heurist

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,Kinetic Theory: Maxwell’s Presuppositions,hinstein, 1987, 1991; Brush, 1976; Clark, 1976; De Regt, 1996; Dorling, 1970; Elkana, 1974; Gavroglu, 1990; Kuhn, 1970a; Lakatos, 1970; Mendoza, 1975; Nyhof, 1988). The starting point of Maxwell‘s work on the kinetic theory of gases was his reading of the paper by Clausius (1857) entitled: “On the n

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終端

Paradox of the Photoelectric Effect: Einstein and Millikan,he subject of considerable research by historians (Brush, 2007; Klein, 1963; Kragh, 1999; Stuewer, 1970, 1975; Wheaton, 1978, 1983). Einstein proposed that ordinary light behaves as though it consists of a stream of independent localized units of energy that he called .. He was led to this revolutio

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Bending of Light in the 1919 Eclipse Experiments: Einstein and Eddington,nstein‘s General Theory of Relativity. One of the parties (A.S. Eddington and E. Cottingham) was to observe the eclipse in Principe, an island off the coast of Africa, and the other (A. Crommelin and C. Davidson) in Sobral, Brazil. Complete report of the expeditions was published by Dyson et al. (19

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