Titlebook: Clostridium difficile; Klaus Aktories,Tracy D. Wilkins (Director of Biote Book 2000 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under

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Cytotoxic Effects of the , Toxins,l unclear (K. et al. 1998; R. et al. 1998). The C. . toxins are prototypes of the family of so-called Large Clostridial cytoToxins (LCTs). The LCTs glucosylate a variety of small GTPases thereby inducing a collapse of the ACSK (E.-S. et al. 1996).

ornithology

Microbiology, Epidemiology and Diagnosis of , Infection, mammals in the absence of competing colonic microbiota was provided. In experiments on germ-free rats, it was noted that mono-contamination with . often led to development of transient diarrhoea, which occasionally caused death (H. et al. 1969). The significance of this finding remained unappreciated until the mid 1970s.

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Large Clostridial Cytotoxins as Tools in Cell Biology,hich are involved in distinct disease entities (H. 1990). The best characterised are toxins A and B from ., which are of major clinical importance causing antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (K. et al. 1994; K. and L.M. 1998).

AXIS

Klaus Aktories,Tracy D. Wilkins (Director of BioteIncludes supplementary material:

LATHE

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunologyhttp://image.papertrans.cn/c/image/228385.jpg

寄生蟲

colostrum

instulate

A. Strau?,D. Brothag,H.-J. M?llers. Although they postulated that toxins from certain strains, when liberated in the infant gut, might play a role in conditions such as the formation of occult blood and febrile convulsions of the newborn. it was not until 1969 that the first real clue to the pathogenic potential of this organism to

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U. Hegerl,T. Frodl-Bauch,H.-J. M?llert isolated from healthy newborn infants in 1935 by Hall and O’Toole, who named it . after the apparent difficulty they encountered in its isolation (H. and O’T. 1935). The organism produced a toxic culture filtrate which was lethal to animals upon injection. Perhaps due to the fact that the organism

CRATE

A. Strau?,D. Brothag,H.-J. M?ller . lethal and haemorrhagic toxin and . α-toxin (Table 1). These toxins are exotoxins which induce morphological changes of the cultured target cells based on the redistribution of the microfilament system. The cytotoxic activity on cultured cell lines led to their designation as cytotoxins. Despite