Titlebook: Clostridioides difficile; Infections, Risk Fac Henning Sommermeyer,Jacek Pi?tek Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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Pathophysiology of ,and TcdB. Both toxins are glycosyltransferases, which deactivate certain GTP-binding proteins (Rho, Rac, and Cdc-42) within gut epithelial cells, resulting in the modulation of numerous physiological events in the cells and contributing directly to disease manifestation. Both toxins are capable of m

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Epidemiology, ecology of infants. With the widespread use of antibiotics in the late 1940s and early 1950s, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) became more frequent. It took until the 1970s that . was identified as a frequent cause for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the major ca

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Risk Factors for CDI,on and increased length of staying in a hospital are associated with an increased risk for CDI. Exposure to antibiotics is a dominant risk for the development of CDI. Therapies with certain antibiotics (e.g., clindamycin and fluoroquinolones) have been identified as carrying particular high CDI risk

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Diagnosis of CDI,on of the .-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxins (TcdA and/or TcdB) in feces using enzyme immune assays (EIAs). Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are used to detect .-specific genes (16 rRNA, GDH) and the toxin genes (tcdA and tcdB). Diagnosis of CDI is employing either a two-step

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Clinical Picture of CDI, commonly affecting the distal part of the colon. Most patients suffer from mild diarrhea and recover spontaneously after 5–10?days of antibiotic withdrawal. In addition to diarrhea, patients experience abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, weakness, and loss of appetite. Severe CDI is charact

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Treatment of CDI,ncomycin remain the cornerstones of CDI treatment. However, the first . strains have emerged which exhibit a reduced susceptibility against these two antibiotics. Fidaxomicin, a recently approved narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic, is hardly absorbed from the intestine when given orally. Fidaxom

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