Titlebook: Climate Change - Environment and Civilization in the Middle East; Arie S. Issar,Mattanyah Zohar Book 20041st edition Springer-Verlag Berli

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The Near East: A bridge from the Garden of Eden to the Fields of Toil,rld. The passage over this bridge opened and closed with the global fluctuations of climate. The first glacial periods at the beginning of the Quaternary caused the greenhouse of equatorial Africa to become less hospitable, while making the desert belt of the Near East more humid, green, and thus pa

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The Urban Revolution and the Dawn of History,d “civilization” is derived from ., the Latin word for city, and despite the use of this word by some to include the Bushmen or Australian Aboriginals’ cultures, we shall use this term strictly in its original sense, i.e. for urban cultures based on towns and cities. The first steps of incipient urb

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Crusaders, Mamluks, and Ottomans on the Eve of the Era of Industry (ca. 800 C.E. to the present),d to constant warfare. The campaigns swept all over the Near East. Raiding Arab bedouin tribes and Turkish nomads intensified the deleterious conditions of the warm and dry climate. Fortunately, after the beginning of the second millennium C.E. the global climate started to change, becoming cooler a

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An Epilogue,d the mandate over Iraq and Palestine on both banks of the Jordan, France over Syria and Lebanon. In Turkey, Greeks, Italians, Armenians and others tried to occupy large parts of Anatolia, until an army officer named Mustafa Kemal Pasha stopped them in battle. In 1923, he established a modern democr

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Revisiting Economic Vulnerability in Old Ageghboring countries. Huntington was not a stranger to Asia; within the previous ten years he had investigated the flood patterns of the upper Euphrates in eastern Turkey, traveled with a research team to regions of present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and toured the Sinkiang provi