Titlebook: Climate Change in Wildlands; Pioneering Approache Andrew J. Hansen,William B. Monahan,David M. Theob Book 2016Latest edition Island Press 2

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有說服力

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96996-7and fires cause frequent, small- to intermediate-scale disturbances that are important influences on canopy structure and species composition, while larger disturbances, such as hurricanes, cause less frequent but more extensive changes (Dale et al. 2001).

對待

Why Study Climate Change in Wildlands?,provisioning of food and water, supporting pollination and nutrient cycling, regulating floods and other disturbances, and providing aesthetic and recreational services (Wilkie et al. 2006; Friedman 2014).

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Managing the Infected ACL Reconstruction,n and DeFries 2007). As such, the preservation of ecosystem processes can be an important conservation target that complements conservation goals for species and habitats. Defining these targets is the first step in the Climate-Smart Conservation framework (Glick, Stein, and Edelson 2011; Stein et al. 2014).

Intercept

Montague Ruben,E. Geoffrey Woodwardion explains this striking pattern of vegetation in the Rockies. To the extent that climate changes in the future, vegetation is expected to change in establishment, growth, and death rates, in canopy structure, and in the distributions of species and thus to show major shifts upward in elevational distribution.

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Vijay R. Ramakrishnan,Todd T. Kingdomby raiding red squirrel (.) middens (Reinhart and Mattson 1990; Mattson, Tomback, and Reinhart 2001). Upon establishment on high-elevation slopes and other harsh sites, whitebark pine provides favorable microsites for the growth of other plant species, thus increasing ecosystem biodiversity (Keane et al. 2012).