Titlebook: Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography; Anita Sadeghpour,Azin Alizadehasl Textbook 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Spr

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The Beginnings of Operational Researchintracardiac masses, endocarditis and its complications, and thoracic aortic lesions such as aortic dissection. Patients with atrial fibrillation undergo direct-current cardioversion without chronic anticoagulation if TEE does not show intracardiac thrombi. With ablation procedures, atrial fibrillat

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Systems, Science, and Technologys and intensive care units. Such as other semi-invasive procedures, TEE requires some degrees of sedation to achieve better patient safety and comfort and operator convenience. Given the potential minor and rarely major cardio-respiratory complications of TEE, it is essential that a highly skilled p

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Operational Research and Systems Thinkingvery challenging to detect..The fetal heart is notoriously difficult to evaluate due to its complex anatomy and physiology. Many obstetrics ultrasound units are able to successfully obtain and correctly interpret views of the heart, including the four chamber and the outflow tracts views. Unfortunat

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Systems, Science, and Technologyliar with the potential pitfalls and artifacts and try to minimize them..Since many therapeutic plans and surgical interventions are based on cardiac imaging findings, knowledge of artifacts and pitfalls is critical. A pitfall is a danger or problem that is hidden or not obvious at first and an arti

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The Beginnings of Operational Researchity..As the size and function of the cardiac chamber is important for clinical decision making, these method of quantification should be standard and be based on the latest recommendations..In this chapter we have summarized the correct measurement of the size and function of the cardiac chambers, A

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Operational Research and Systemsa critical prognostic factor in all types of heart diseases..Precise evaluation of LV volume and systolic function is necessary for defining the optimal timing of surgery in patients with valvular heart diseases such as severe mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation..This section attempts to i

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Applications of Communications Theoryta in the context of ventricular function and have limited ability in defining subtle changes in the function. Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), two newer techniques, have emerged greater concerns for their role in quantification of ventricular systolic and di